Collection Of Plants Research Articles

Verified localization and pharmacognosy of herbal medicinal plants in a combined network framework

Pharmacognosy from medicinal plants involves the scientific domain of medicinal compounding based on their medicinal properties. Accurate identification of medicinal plants is crucial, especially by examining their leaves. Choosing the wrong plant species for medicinal preparations can have adverse side effects. This study presents a Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence approach for medicinal plant identification, combining a YOLOv7-based Leaf Localizer with a leaf Class Verifier based on DenseNet through a Confidence Score Analyser algorithm. The Confidence Score Analyser ensures reliability by evaluating predicted categories against predefined thresholds, and the ensemble technique through majority voting enhances robustness. An average performance gain of 25.66% sensitivity is observed when comparing the YOLO object detection model with 77.45% precision to the YOLO integrated with the class verifier model with 97.33% precision. Consistent sensitivities are achieved through the ensemble technique, showcasing robustness across diverse scenarios. The final step incorporates automated textual and audio pharmacognosy information about the identified medicinal plant properties and their utility. Real-time applicability as a smart phone application makes this approach invaluable for medicinal plant collectors and experts.

The Arnold Arboretum’s Campaign for the Living Collections: A Case Study in Living Collection Development

In 2015, the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University began an ambitious plant acquisition program: The Campaign for the Living Collections. Prior to the initiative’s launch, the Arboretum underwent several years of strategic planning to assess the values, strengths, and gaps within its renowned living collection of temperate woody plants and then set goals that would profoundly shape the collection and its research and conservation potential for decades if not for centuries. Core genera, conservation value, phylogenetic breadth, biogeography, and climate change responses were among the priority themes used to generate a targeted list of 395 desiderata to acquire from wild populations. In only a few years, the Campaign’s 26 formal expeditions and other acquisition efforts have yielded 631 accessions of 263 highest-priority desiderata, representing 66.6% of the overall goal. This venture represents one of the most transformative and deliberate collection development activities at the Arnold Arboretum and among botanical gardens in the current era. These successes are due to a combination of factors that include visionary yet realistic strategic planning and goal setting, adherence to high standards of documentation and reporting, and authentic relationship building among collaborators.

Disclosure of Origin in European Biotechnology Patent Law: A Social Network Analysis Perspective

Abstract Recital 27 of the European Union Directive 98/44/EC on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Innovations mandates the disclosure of the geographical origin of biological material when the invention is based on or incorporates such material. This requirement seeks to monitor the origin of biological materials, often linked to indigenous and local communities, to ensure prior informed consent and equitable benefit-sharing with resource providers. Several European countries, such as Switzerland and Norway, legally require this disclosure, and the Draft International Instrument of the World Intellectual Property Organization is poised to expand the list of nations with such requirements. However, the definition of ‘origin’ presents challenges for patent applicants, as it may refer to the primary source (e.g. indigenous and local communities, the country of origin) or secondary sources (e.g. ex situ plant collections or commercial suppliers). Moreover, defining the information to be disclosed as the origin is crucial for the credibility of disclosure statements. To address this issue, this article pioneers a social network analysis approach to the issue of biopiracy and disclosure of origin. It introduces the network-centric narratives of 30 prominent cases of biopiracy from South and Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa, and unveils the average distance between the nodes previously accused of biopiracy and the nodes that correspond to the origin of the biological material in question. By highlighting the role of intermediaries in distorting information within material distribution networks, the findings contest the feasibility of requiring patent applicants to provide information on both primary and secondary sources.

Abstract 1818: Novel efficient isolation and water-soluble prodrug preparation of anti-cancer natural product narciclasine

Abstract Narciclasine is a promising anti-cancer agent produced by plants of the family Amaryllidaceae. Narciclasine has been shown to be a potent anti-cancer agent against a variety of cancers carrying dismal outcomes, including glioblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. It is particularly effective in animal studies of brain cancer both primary, such as glioblastoma, metastatic tumors to the brain, such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Its isolation from plants has generally been accompanied with variable success as it depends on the plant species, their location and the time of plant collection. In this study, an optimized procedure for the extraction of narciclasine yielding 300 mg/kg of dried plant material. This represents a crucial step towards the development of optimized narciclasine derivatives, as the price of narciclasine from commercial sources ranges from $100-$500 per milligram. Additionally, clinical advancement of narciclasine and its derivatives has been severely thwarted, potentially owing to its sparing water-solubility. Insolubility in water makes administration at therapeutic dosages difficult and can lead to unfavorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. To this effort, the synthesis of five prodrug esters of narciclasine is presented, with the target of a water-soluble narciclasine prodrug. Citation Format: Alexander Kornienko, Ryan Rutledge. Novel efficient isolation and water-soluble prodrug preparation of anti-cancer natural product narciclasine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1818.

Got plants? Availability of and challenges to production of native plants for wetland restoration

As the U.N. Decade on Restoration progresses, the demand for genetically and species‐diverse native plant materials for restoration is expected to increase. However, little is known about the availability of plant materials for restoration, particularly in wetlands, which have lagged behind in restoration research. Given the crucial role wetlands play in providing ecosystem services, particularly in semi‐arid regions worldwide, it is important to understand the availability of wetland plant materials for restoration. We surveyed plant material vendors in the Intermountain West of the United States, a vast region containing hundreds of millions of hectares of private working lands and protected areas. We sought to determine the breadth and diversity of species and materials available for restoration, the practices used by vendors, and the challenges they face. We found far lower availability of aquatic, emergent, and meadow wetland species compared to riparian and terrestrial species. To improve species availability, vendors need financial incentives to produce new or difficult‐to‐propagate species and clearer feedback from customers on what species meet their restoration goals. Market fluctuations are the biggest challenge that vendors face, and creating consistent demand is the most important way to overcome this challenge. Overall, vendors follow best practices for obtaining and maintaining genetic diversity in their seed and plant collections, a critical component to meeting restoration goals. However, there are still some opportunities to improve best practices. The results add to the understanding of the challenges in meeting plant material demand for restoration in wetlands regionally and globally.

A healing place: Reimagining the modern botanic garden as a physic garden

AbstractI have long promoted botanic gardens as a potent mix of nature, culture and science. Triggered by the COVID‐19 pandemic and the community's changing relationship with outdoor spaces, I want to add another vital element: the botanic garden as a reimagined physic garden. Not just a collection of medicinal plants, but a healing place. The value of nature, of gardens, and particularly of botanic gardens, for keeping us in “good health” is, if not self‐evident, then progressively confirmed by social research. The modern botanic garden as a physic garden embraces the creation and further development of botanic gardens in places where there are more people than “natural” diversity of plants; encourages a medical approach to addressing complex problems like climate change—targeting the root causes first, curing if possible, or if not, relieving symptoms and build resistance; favors a triaging approach to conservation for more effective use of resources; and provides plant rescue and restoration as the equivalent of a human Intensive Care Unit, with “plant ambulances” dispatched after natural (including human‐induced) disasters. Our landscapes and collections are for many their first contact with a complex plant environment—nature. That contact is also good for our health.

Evaluation of Leaf Chlorophyll Content from Acousto-Optic Hyperspectral Data: A Multi-Crop Study

Chlorophyll plays a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis and helps to regulate plants’ growth and development. Timely and accurate evaluation of leaf chlorophyll content provides valuable information about the health and productivity of plants as well as the effectiveness of agricultural treatments. For non-contact and high-performance chlorophyll content mapping in plants, spectral imaging techniques are the most widely used. Due to agility and rapid random-spectral-access tuning, acousto-optical imagers seem to be very attractive for the detection of vegetation indices and chlorophyll content assessment. This laboratory study demonstrates the capabilities of an acousto-optic imager for evaluation of leaf chlorophyll content in six crops with different biophysical properties: Ribes rubrum, Betula populifolia, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Prunus padus, Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum. The experimental protocol includes plant collecting, reference spectrophotometric measurements, hyperspectral imaging data acquisition, processing and analysis and building a multi-crop chlorophyll model. For 90 inspected samples of plant leaves, the optimal vegetation index and model were found. Obtained values of chlorophyll concentrations correlate well with reference values (determination coefficient of 0.89 and relative error of 15%). Applying a multi-crop model to each pixel, we calculated chlorophyll content maps across all plant samples. The results of this study demonstrate that acousto-optic imagery is very promising for fast chlorophyll content assessment and other laboratory spectral-index-based measurements.

Crossing the Caucasus hunting for plants: the collection itinerary of the botanists Stéphen Sommier and Émile Levier in the summer of 1890

ABSTRACT Stéphen Sommier and Émile Levier were eminent botanists and plant collectors (but also ethno-anthropologists, geographers and photographers), best known for their scientific travels in Italy and abroad. This study accurately reconstructs the travel and collection itineraries of a trip through the Caucasus in 1890. The botanical importance of this journey is significant, with over 10,000 specimens collected, more than 1600 taxa identified, and over 250 newly described taxa based on the collected samples. The locations visited are placed in a time sequence on up-to-date georeferenced topographic maps. Furthermore, using dedicated heatmaps, we show the sites where the two explorers collected specimens that were later identified as taxa new to science. These maps will also be useful to botanists, historians, scholars and curators of natural history museums, who work with Caucasian flora and vegetation, ethno-anthropology, history of photography, and landscape.

Ghost Plants: The Possibilities of Botanical Ecobiography

ABSTRACT Sarah Brooks, an early botanical collector in the remote south-east of Western Australia, and entanglement with that region are the subject of my research. I came to Sarah’s story through a fascination not only with her as a person, but also with the place where she lived; the period of colonisation and dispossession of First Nations people in the late nineteenth century; and with the plant life she encountered in the global biodiversity hotspot of south-west Australia. In looking for ways to honour the deep entanglements between Sarah, the place she lived and the many hundreds of botanical specimens she collected, I found my way to ecobiography, a form of life writing that explores an ecosystem of the Self, comprised of all the interactions between the Self and the other-than-human world. In this essay, I explore the potential of botanical specimens as biographical source material—and as one piece of evidence of Sarah’s entanglement with place. This essay also touches on the possibility of Sarah’s specimens as historical archive, in order to approach her story with an awareness of the other-than-human, so that the agency of other living beings in shaping (human) histories can be centred.

Encyclia naranjapatensis Dodson (Orchidaceae), a new record for the Peruvian flora

Background: Encyclia, is a genus with more than 200 species in the Neotropics, eight of which have been previously reported from Peru. During the evaluation of the orchid flora in the forests of the Sicchez district, a small population of an Encyclia species was found that could not be unequivocally matched to any previously known species in the country.
 Questions: Will the recent explorations of Northern Peru result in the reporting of new taxa for the country?
 Studied species: Orchidaceae, Laeliinae, Encyclia Hook, Encyclia naranjapatensis Dodson
 Study site and dates: Sicchez District, Ayabaca Province, Piura Department, Peru, 2022-2023.
 Methods: Specimens were collected and determined by consulting botanical collections available online, taxonomic treatments, checklists, and specialized literature. The conservation status was assessed according to IUCN methodology.
 Results: We report a novelty for Peru, Encyclia naranjapatensis, and an updated description including morphological information on relevant structures that will be used to diagnose this entity. In addition, E. naranjapatensis is part of a basal clade referred to as the E. diurna species group. The conservation status assessment results in Endangered and the species is linked to the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest, an endangered ecosystem throughout the Neotropics.
 Conclusions: The recent entity located in Peru correspond to Encyclia naranjapatensis. This discovery allows us to investigate the geographical limits, discuss the phylogenetic and ecological affinities, update the original description, and evaluate its conservation status.

Plant collecting in São Tomé and Príncipe—collectors and their itineraries during the colonial period

The history of vascular plant collecting on the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, from the earliest times up to the independence of the country in 1975 is provided, along with biographical information on all the collectors that could be traced, with notes on their itineraries, collecting localities, and collections. Aspects of the social environment prevalent in São Tomé and Príncipe at the time that historical collections were made are highlighted and contextualised to enable an improved understanding of connections between scientific-botanical endeavour, colonialism, and slavery on São Tomé and Príncipe.

The improvement of the CAPS-marker for St, J and V subgenome identification in Triticeae tribe plants using the 5S non-transcribed spacer polymorphism 

In the Triticeae tribe, several subgenomes (St, J, V and others) were described, and a subgenome-specific molecular marker development is an actual branch of studies. Non-transcribed spacers (NTS) of 5S rDNA are perspective to create species-specific or genome-specific molecular markers in closely related organisms. Early, the 5S rDNA NTS based CAPS marker (StJV-f/StJV-r primers with the SmiM1 enzyme digestion) was designed for identification of the St, J and V subgenomes. The V subgenome amplicons were differed from the St and J amplicons in length. The St amplicons were distinguishable from the J amplicons after the SmiM1 enzyme digestion (St fragments were digested, J fragments were not digested, which is a disadvantage, because a failure with the digestion of St amplicons can be mistaken for J amplicons). This article presents the results of the StJV marker improvement. Comparative analysis of restriction enzyme maps revealed that the Hpy166 II enzyme cuts the StJV amplicons of all studied subgenomes in such a way that different product patterns are obtained. Experimental testing confirmed this finding. Thus, the improved CAPS marker can serve as a promising tool for verifying samples in Triticeae plant collections, screening herbarium materials, as well as in the breeding process aimed at improving wheat by involving its wild relatives in traditional breeding programs efficiently.

GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF CULTIVATED CITRUS FRUITS (Citrus spp.) IN COLOMBIA USING SSR MOLECULAR MARKERS

Citrus is the second most important fruit crop in Colombia after bananas, with production taking place in 26 of the country’s 32 departments. Oranges, sour limes, and mandarins are the most economically important crops in terms of area planted and production. Microsatellites were used to assess the genetic differentiation of oranges, mandarins, tangelos, grapefruits, and acid limes from the Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation AGROSAVIA germplasm bank and collection of micro-grafted plants at Palmira Research Center in Colombia. A total of 121 samples from eight citrus groups were analyzed with 30 fluoromarked simple sequence repeats (SSR) microsatellites. The mean expected heterozygosity and mean observed heterozygosity were 0.58 and 0.57, respectively, and the coefficient of genetic differentiation was 0.558, confirming very high genetic differentiation among the citrus groups evaluated. Microsatellites mCrCIR01B02, AMB5, Ci01C09, mCrCIR08B08, and Ci01C07 were the most informative, presenting a high number of alleles and polymorphic loci percentages of more than 45 %; in addition, they allowed the identification of unique alleles, which can be used to establish the genetic fingerprint of citrus. Genetic differentiation was achieved for seven out of the eight groups evaluated. The SSRs used failed to differentiate the orange groups, possibly due to genetic origin; for this group, other molecular markers are recommended.

A Survey and Analysis of the History of Ernest Henry Wilson’s Specimen Collections in China

Since the mid-17th century, Western plant collectors have explored Asia, particularly China, to collect native species for economic and botanical development. Ernest Henry Wilson (1876–1930) stands among the foremost figures in this pursuit. He conducted five plant collections in China between 1899 and 1918, gaining recognition for numerous valuable ornamental species. However, precise details such as the total number of specimens, a comprehensive species list, and the collection locations remained elusive, hindering a thorough assessment of his scientific contributions. To address this gap, we compiled data from various online databases and relevant publications, constructing a comprehensive dataset encompassing species names, collection dates, locations, and additional pertinent information. Employing Python, we organized and translated the species names and locations, facilitating analysis of families, genera, species, and the completeness and preferences of his collection. The conclusions drawn from the available data include 19,218 specimens, with 11,884 collection numbers, belonging to 200 families, 1046 genera, and 3794 species (including 342 infraspecific taxa). Wilson exhibited a preference for woody and flowering plants, resulting in a collection completeness of 25%. His collection spanned seven provinces, 28 prefecture-level cities, and 38 county-level areas, underscoring his significant contributions to the global dissemination of Chinese plant knowledge. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the plant specimens collected by Wilson in China, investigating their taxonomy, distribution, and historical context and evaluating Wilson’s contribution to plant dissemination. The findings serve as a valuable reference for subsequent biodiversity research endeavors.

Националният природонаучен музей при Българската академия на науките – 14 години на повторно възстановяване под ръководството на акад. проф. д-р Иван Костов 1974 – 1988 г.

With the restoration of its legal independence in 1974, a new stage in the development of the National Museum of Natural History began. From 1974 to 1988, it was led by the noted mineralogist Acad. Prof. Ivan Kostov. Part of the geological, paleontological, botanical and soil collections that were taken out in 1947 have been returned to the museum and its multidisciplinary natural science (and not only zoological) character is restored. From the “Museum” Section of the former Zoological Institute, it became the National Museum of Natural History, which fully lives up to its name. The enrichment of the collections, the construction of new departments and expositions, the growth of the state, the first expeditions in the country and abroad to collect natural specimens and the expansion of its international contacts are presented. His active and versatile work for the natural science education of the population and the importance of the museum as a cultural institution until the last but one year (1989) of the totalitarian rule of Bulgaria are shown.

Plant based metabolomics: a future prospective and versatile tool for metabolite databases of Curcuma longa

Sophisticated analytical instruments are used for quality evaluation and scientific validation to compliance the market demands. Recently, increase in demand of Curcuma longa has led to a high swing in small and medium food industry. The present review is devoted to an in-depth information on metabolite database of C. longa from different analytical techniques such as high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. This work highlights different extraction methods, phytochemistry along with structure activity relationship, nutritional profiling, market viability and pharmacology of C. longa. The bioactives of C. longa depends on various factors such as plants growth, temperature, humidity, soil type, collection, drying and extraction process. These factors can contribute in quality evaluation of the food supplements if need to be included. The introduction of omics approaches can helpful to explore the quality and identification of potential lead of C. longa. The results could play an essential role in the area of food-phyto based profiling. Further, metabolomics techniques may provide an analytical platform by combination of different “omics” data sources for future research to food and herbal based products.

Ex situ conservation of two rare oak species using microsatellite and SNP markers.

Plant collections held by botanic gardens and arboreta are key components of ex situ conservation. Maintaining genetic diversity in such collections allows them to be used as resources for supplementing wild populations. However, most recommended minimum sample sizes for sufficient ex situ genetic diversity are based on microsatellite markers, and it remains unknown whether these sample sizes remain valid in light of more recently developed next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. To address this knowledge gap, we examine how ex situ conservation status and sampling recommendations differ when derived from microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in garden and wild samples of two threatened oak species. For Quercus acerifolia, SNPs show lower ex situ representation of wild allelic diversity and slightly lower minimum sample size estimates than microsatellites, while results for each marker are largely similar for Q. boyntonii. The application of missing data filters tends to lead to higher ex situ representation, while the impact of different SNP calling approaches is dependent on the species being analyzed. Measures of population differentiation within species are broadly similar between markers, but larger numbers of SNP loci allow for greater resolution of population structure and clearer assignment of ex situ individuals to wild source populations. Our results offer guidance for future ex situ conservation assessments utilizing SNP data, such as the application of missing data filters and the usage of a reference genome, and illustrate that both microsatellites and SNPs remain viable options for botanic gardens and arboreta seeking to ensure the genetic diversity of their collections.

Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal plants used for Traditional Diarrhea Treatment in North-East Algeria

The objective of this study is to aid in the identification and documentation of medicinal plants that are utilized in traditional local pharmacopeia for the treatment of diarrhea in four provinces located in the northeast region of Algeria. The ethnobotanical survey was conducted during 2019-2020. All users of medicinal plants in those regions were interviewed using a guide questionnaire. Stratified sampling was used to collect information on medicinal plants. Furthermore, the study established the relative importance of the species and estimated the informant consensus factor (ICF) for the medicinal plants included in research. The study has found a total of 52 species that are commonly employed in the treatment of diarrhea in four specific provinces of Algeria. These species are categorized into 26 families and 22 genera. The most frequently quoted plants (over 10 quotations) were Artemisia herba alba Asso. (52 quotations) with the highest (FC = 43.33%); Punica granatum L. (50 quotations, FC = 41.67%); Origanum vulgaire L. (32 quotations, FC = 26.67%); Juniperus phoenicea L. (29 quotations, FC = 24.17%), and Ceratonia siliqua L. (19 quotations, FC = 15.83%). The most common plant families were Lamiaceae and Rosaceae (10 and 6 plants, respectively). Species morphological type analyses show that herbs were most represented (46.16%). For different organs used, leaves and fruits were the most used (27.15% and 26.35%, respectively). Although the infusion (55.81%) constituted the prevailing approach to drug preparation, the results showed that many kinds of plants can be used to treat diarrhea in Algeria. The study has enhanced the collection of medicinal plants with anti-diarrheal properties and has contributed to the advancement of knowledge in traditional medicine while also preserving local indigenous knowledge.

The Implications of Religious Practices on Loxococcus rupicola (Thw.) H. Wendl. and Drude, A Critically Endangered, Endemic Palm Species in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is rich in biodiversity and traditional, religious, and cultural practices. However, some of these traditional beliefs could lead to decline of the local biodiversity. Ran-Dotalu (Loxococcus rupicola (Thw.) H. Wendl. & Drude,) is one of the sacred groves among the Buddhists and Buddhism is the major religion followed in Sri Lanka. L. rupicola (Family Arecaceae), is a palm listed as Critically Endangered and Endangered on the global and national red lists respectively. Loxococcus is an endemic genus and Ran-Dotalu is also protected under the Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance. It confines to rainforests in central highlands of Sri Lanka as small populations on shady rocky outcrops. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the religious beliefs, and cultural practices, and document the present state of the wild collection of Ran-Dotalu to identify the threats related to religious activities. Sociocultural data on Ran-Dotalu and its uses in the rituals were collected based on semi-structured questionnaire interviews via formal discussions, telephone conversations, and emails. Out of 114 respondents there were Buddhist priests (n=03), plant collectors (n=07), and users and or worshipers (n=104). Among them 36% were males and 64% were females. According to the results, flowers, seeds, seedlings, and saplings collections were reported from Peak Wilderness sanctuary, Erantha-Gilimale Forest reserve, and Knuckles Forest Reserve. Ran-Dotalu. Flowers were mainly collected for religious activities and rituals (42.3%), medicinal purposes (26.3%), as a substitute for Areca nut (23.6%), and to sell (7.8%). Worshiping with Ran-Dotalu flowers was common at Sri Padasthanaya, Temple of Tooth, Ruwanweliseya and Jayasrima Bhodiya, Saman Devalaya, and Katharagama Devalaya. On average 10-12 flowers were collected by a collector per month and, sold for a price ranging from Rs. 500 to Rs. 5,000. On average 10-15 flowers (per month) were brought to above-mentioned religious places. According to the legends god Sumana-Saman offered Ran-Dotalu flowers to Buddha for establishing Sri Padastanaya. Therefore, worshipers believe that offering Ran-Dotalu flowers is a great act of charity and pays off all sin. The palm recently become a popular ornamental plant (9%) despite its protected status. Around 78% of the respondents were not aware of the conservation status of L. rupicola. Thus, seed production and young generations in the wild populations are in danger. The study suggests that understanding of practices that may threaten local biodiversity and immediate actions are needed to conserve the L. rupicola wild populations. 
 Keywords: Loxococcus rupicola, Sacred groves, Ran-dotalu, Critically endangered 

The history and nomenclatural significance of herbarium collections made by Alexander A. Tatarinow in North China and Mongolia in 1841–1850

AbstractAlexander A. Tatarinow (1817?–1886) made an extensive collection of vascular plants and insects in North China and Mongolia while serving as a physician in the 12th Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing during 1841–1850. Tatarinow's plant collection included about 800 species and became the basis for 70 new species, of which 12 were named after him. The collection was split into three large sets, each labelled in its own way and handled in different times by different people at different institutions, thus obscuring its correct attribution; notable misinterpretations include its misattributions to A. von Bunge and P.E. Kirilov who were attached to the 11th Mission and collected plants near Beijing during 1830–1840. In this study, the history of these three sets and their parts is uncovered, and label samples are provided and commented to allow unambiguous recognition of the sets for correct lectotypification of plant species names based on the material collected by the 11th and 12th Missions.